return { -- wp preferred names -- IANA language names and notes
--ISO 639-1 codes
["ab"] = {"Abkhaz"}, -- Abkhazian
["an"] = {"Aragon", "Aragonese"}, -- Aragonese; same, delete?
["av"] = {"Avar"}, -- Avaric
["bh"] = {"Bihar", "Bihari"}, -- Bihari languages; collective
["bo"] = {"Tạng chuẩn", "Standard Tibetan"}, -- Tibetan
["cu"] = {"Slav Giáo hội cổ", "Old Church Slavonic"}, -- Church Slavic, Church Slavonic, Old Bulgarian, Old Church Slavonic, Old Slavonic
["de-AT"] = {"Đức Áo", "Austrian German"},
["el"] = {"Hy Lạp", "Hi Lạp", "Greek"}, -- Modern Greek (1453-)
["en-AU"] = {"Anh Úc", "Australian English"},
["en-CA"] = {"Anh Canada", "Canadian English"},
["en-GB"] = {"Anh Anh", "British English"},
["en-IE"] = {"Anh Ireland", "Irish English"},
["en-NZ"] = {"Anh New Zealand", "New Zealand English"},
["en-SA"] = {"Anh Nam Phi", "South African English"},
["en-US"] = {"Anh Mỹ", "American English"},
["ff"] = {"Fula"}, -- Fulah
["fy"] = {"Frisia", "Frisian"}, -- Western Frisian
["ht"] = {"Haiti", "Haitian Creole"}, -- Haitian, Haitian Creole
["hz"] = {"Otjiherero"}, -- Herero
["ia"] = {"Interlingua"}, -- Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)
["ii"] = {"Lô Lô", "Yi"}, -- Sichuan Yi, Nuosu
["ki"] = {"Gikuyu"}, -- Kikuyu, Gikuyu
["kk"] = {"Kazakh"}, -- Kazakh; same, delete?
["kl"] = {"Greenland", "Greenlandic"}, -- Kalaallisut, Greenlandic
["km"] = {"Khơ Me", "Khmer"}, -- Central Khmer
["ky"] = {"Kyrgyz"}, -- Kirghiz, Kyrgyz
["lg"] = {"Luganda"}, -- Ganda
["li"] = {"Limburg", "Limburgish"}, -- Limburgan, Limburger, Limburgish
["mi"] = {"Māori"}, -- Maori
["ms"] = {"Mã Lai", "Malay"}, -- Malay (macrolanguage)
["na"] = {"Nauru", "Nauruan"}, -- Nauru
["nb"] = {"Bokmål"}, -- Norwegian Bokmål
["nd"] = {"Bắc Ndebele", "Northern Ndebele"}, -- North Ndebele
["ne"] = {"Nepal", "Nepali"}, -- Nepali (macrolanguage)
["nn"] = {"Nynorsk"}, -- Norwegian Nynorsk
["nr"] = {"Nam Ndebele", "Southern Ndebele"}, -- South Ndebele
["ny"] = {"Chichewa"}, -- Nyanja, Chewa, Chichewa
["oc"] = {"Occitan"}, -- Occitan (post 1500)
["oj"] = {"Ojibwe"}, -- Ojibwa
["or"] = {"Odia"}, -- Oriya (macrolanguage), Odia (macrolanguage)
["pa"] = {"Punjab", "Punjabi"}, -- Panjabi, Punjabi
["pi"] = {"Nam Phạn", "Pali"}, -- Pali; same, delete?
["rn"] = {"Kirundi"}, -- Rundi
["ro"] = {"Romania", "Romana", "Romanian"}, -- Romanian, Moldavian, Moldovan; same as first in IANA list, delete?
["rw"] = {"Rwanda", "Kinyarwanda"}, -- Kinyarwanda; same, delete?
["si"] = {"Sinhala", "Sinhalese"}, -- Sinhala, Sinhalese
["sl"] = {"Slovenia", "Slovene"}, -- Slovenian
["sr-Cyrl"] = {"Serbia chữ Kirin", "Serbian Cyrillic"}, -- sr = Serbian; Cyrillic is the alphabet
["ss"] = {"Swazi"}, -- Swati
["st"] = {"Sotho"}, -- Southern Sotho
["sw"] = {"Swahili"}, -- Swahili (macrolanguage)
["to"] = {"Tonga", "Tongan"}, -- Tonga (Tonga Islands)
["za"] = {"Tráng", "Zhuang"}, -- Zhuang, Chuang; ; same as first in IANA list, delete?
-- ISO 639-2 codes
["ber"] = {"Berber"}, -- Berber languages
["cel"] = {"Celt nguyên thủy"}, -- Celtic languages
["gem"] = {"German nguyên thủy"}, -- Germanic languages
["myn"] = {"Maya", "Mayan"}, -- Mayan languages
["nah"] = {"Nahuatl"}, -- Nahuatl languages
["pra"] = {"Prakrit"}, -- Prakrit languages
-- ["roa"] = {"Jèrriais"}, -- Romance languages
["sal"] = {"Salish"}, -- Salishan languages
["sla"] = {"Slav", "Slavic"}, -- Slavic languages
["son"] = {"Songhay"}, -- Songhai languages
["wen"] = {"Sorb", "Sorbian"}, -- Sorbian languages
-- ISO 639-3 codes
["abk"] = {"Abkhaz", "tiếng Abkhaz"}, -- not in IANA; see code ab
["ace"] = {"Aceh", "Acehnese", "tiếng Aceh"}, -- Achinese
["aec"] = {"Ả Rập Sa'idi", "Sa'idi Arabic"}, -- Saidi Arabic
["ain"] = {"Ainu", "tiếng Ainu"}, -- Ainu (Japan)
["akl"] = {"Aklan"}, -- Aklanon
["alt"] = {"Altay", "tiếng Altay"}, -- Southern Altai
["ang"] = {"Anh cổ", "Old English", "tiếng Anh cổ"}, -- Old English (ca. 450-1100)
["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua"}, -- Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
["bal"] = {"Baloch", "Balochi", "tiếng Baloch"}, -- Baluchi
["bar"] = {"Bavaria", "Austro-Bavarian", "tiếng Bavaria"}, -- Bavarian
["bcl"] = {"Trung Bikol", "Central Bicolano", "tiếng Trung Bikol"}, -- Central Bikol
["bin"] = {"Edo"}, -- Bini, Edo
["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya Manipuri", "tiếng Bishnupriya Manipuri"}, -- Bishnupriya
["brx"] = {"Bodo", "tiếng Bodo"}, -- Bodo (India)
["chg"] = {"Chagatay", "tiếng Chagatai"}, -- Chagatai
["chm"] = {"Mari", "tiếng Mari"}, -- Mari (Russia)
["ckb"] = {"Kurd Trung", "Sorani Kurdish"}, -- Central Kurdish
["cnu"] = {"Shenwa"}, -- Chenoua
["coc"] = {"Cocopah"}, -- Cocopa
["deu"] = {"early German"}, -- not in IANA; see code de
["diq"] = {"Zaza", "Zazaki", "tiếng Zaza"}, -- Dimli (individual language)
["egy"] = {"Ai Cập", "Egyptian", "tiếng Ai Cập"}, -- Egyptian (Ancient)
["ell"] = {"Hy Lạp cận đại", "Modern Greek"}, -- not in IANA; see code el
["enm"] = {"Anh trung cổ", "Middle English", "tiếng Anh trung"}, -- Middle English (1100-1500)
["fit"] = {"Meänkieli"}, -- Tornedalen Finnish
["fkv"] = {"Kven", "tiếng Kven"}, -- Kven Finnish
["frk"] = {"Frank cổ", "Old Frankish", "tiếng Frankish cổ"}, -- Frankish
["frm"] = {"Pháp trung cổ", "Middle French", "tiếng Pháp Trung Đại"}, -- Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)
["fro"] = {"Pháp cổ", "Old French", "tiếng Pháp Cổ"}, -- Old French (842-ca. 1400)
["fry"] = {"West Frisian", "tiếng Tây Frisia"}, -- not in IANA; see code fy
["gez"] = {"Ge'ez", "tiếng Ge'ez"}, -- Geez
["gju"] = {"Gujari", "tiếng Gujari"}, -- Gujari; same, delete?
["gmh"] = {"Thượng Đức trung cổ", "Middle High German", "tiếng Thượng Đức trung đại"}, -- Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)
["goh"] = {"Thượng Đức cổ", "Old High German", "tiếng Thượng Đức cổ"}, -- Old High German (ca. 750-1050)
["grc"] = {"Hy Lạp cổ", "Ancient Greek", "tiếng Hy Lạp cổ đại"}, -- Ancient Greek (to 1453)
["gsw"] = {"Đức Alemanni", "Alemannic German", "tiếng Đức Alemanni"}, -- Swiss German, Alemannic, Alsatian
["gul"] = {"Gullah"}, -- Sea Island Creole English
["hak"] = {"Hakka", "người Khách Gia", "Khách Gia"}, -- Hakka Chinese
["hbo"] = {"Do Thái Kinh Thánh", "Biblical Hebrew"}, -- Ancient Hebrew
["hnd"] = {"Hindko"}, -- Southern Hindko
["ikt"] = {"Inuvialuk"}, -- Inuinnaqtun, Western Canadian Inuktitut
["ilo"] = {"Ilokano"}, -- Iloko
["kaa"] = {"Karakalpak"}, -- Kara-Kalpak
["khb"] = {"Lự", "Tày Lự", "Tai Lü"}, -- Lü
["kmr"] = {"Kurmanji Kurdish"}, -- Northern Kurdish
["knn"] = {"Konkani"}, -- Konkani (individual language)
["kok"] = {"Konkani"}, -- Konkani (macrolanguage)
["kpo"] = {"Kposo"}, -- Ikposo
["krj"] = {"Kinaray-a"}, -- Kinaray-A
["ksh"] = {"Ripuarian"}, -- Kölsch; --ksh is the code of Colognian, but ksh.wiki is the Ripuarian Wikipedia
["ktz"] = {"Juǀ'hoan"}, -- Ju/'hoan, Juǀʼhoan, Juǀʼhoansi
["lez"] = {"Lezgian"}, -- Lezghian
["liv"] = {"Livonia", "Livonian"}, -- Liv
["lng"] = {"Lombard", "Lombardic"}, -- Langobardic
["maz"] = {"Mazovian"}, -- Central Mazahua
["mga"] = {"Ireland trung cổ", "Middle Irish"}, -- Middle Irish (900-1200)
["mhr"] = {"Mari"}, -- Eastern Mari
["mia"] = {"Miami-Illinois"}, -- Miami
["miq"] = {"Miskito"}, -- Mískito
["mix"] = {"Mixtec"}, -- Mixtepec Mixtec
-- ["mla"] = {"Medieval Latin"}, -- Malo; clearly a misuse of code mla;
["mni"] = {"Meitei"}, -- Manipuri
["mol"] = {"Moldova", "Moldovan", "ro"}, -- Moldavian, Moldovan (639-3, both retired)
["mrj"] = {"Tây Mari", "Hill Mari"}, -- Western Mari
["mww"] = {"Mông Trắng", "White Hmong"}, -- Hmong Daw
["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, -- Mazanderani
["nan"] = {"Mân Nam", "Taiwanese Hokkien"}, -- Min Nan Chinese
["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe"}, -- Khoekhoe, Nama (Namibia); same as first in IANA list, delete?
-- ["naz"] = {"North Azeri"}, -- Coatepec Nahuatl; clearly a misuse of code naz
["nci"] = {"Nahuatl cổ", "Classical Nahuatl"}, -- Classical Nahuatl; same, delete?
["nds-nl"] = {"Hạ Saxon Hà Lan", "Dutch Low Saxon"}, -- Low German, Low Saxon; as spoken in the Netherlands; see code nsd
["new"] = {"Nepal Bhasa"}, -- Newari, Nepal Bhasa
-- ["nrm"] = {"Norman"}, -- Narom; clearly a misuse of code nrm
-- ["nsd"] = {"Dutch Low Saxon"}, -- Southern Nisu; how can this be right? typo related to code nds-nl?
["nso"] = {"Sotho Bắc", "Northern Sotho"}, -- Pedi, Northern Sotho, Sepedi
["nwc"] = {"Nepal Bhasa cổ", "Classical Nepal Bhasa"}, -- Classical Newari, Classical Nepal Bhasa, Old Newari
["oci"] = {"Provençal"}, -- oc
["ood"] = {"O'odham"}, -- Tohono O'odham
["ota"] = {"Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ Ottoman", "Ottoman Turkish"}, -- Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)
["otk"] = {"Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ cổ", "Old Turkic"}, -- Old Turkish
["pal"] = {"Ba Tư trung cổ", "Middle Persian"}, -- Pahlavi
["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"}, -- Pampanga, Kapampangan
["peo"] = {"Ba Tư cổ", "Old Persian"}, -- Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)
["phr"] = {"Potwari"}, -- Pahari-Potwari
["pka"] = {"Jain Prakrit"}, -- Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit
["pnb"] = {"Punjabi"}, -- Western Panjabi
["psu"] = {"Shauraseni"}, -- Sauraseni Prākrit
["rap"] = {"Rapa Nui"}, -- Rapanui
["rar"] = {"Māori quần đảo Cook", "Cook Islands Māori"}, -- Rarotongan, Cook Islands Maori
["rmu"] = {"Scandoromani"}, -- Tavringer Romani
["rom"] = {"Romani"}, -- Romany
["rup"] = {"Aromania", "Aromanian"}, -- Macedo-Romanian, Aromanian, Arumanian
["rus"] = {"Nga", "Russian"}, -- not in IANA; see code ru
["ryu"] = {"Okinawa", "Okinawan"}, -- Central Okinawan
["sah"] = {"Sakha"}, -- Yakut
["sdc"] = {"Sassarese"}, -- Sassarese Sardinian
["sdn"] = {"Gallurese"}, -- Gallurese Sardinian
["sga"] = {"Ireland cổ", "Old Irish"}, -- Old Irish (to 900)
["shp"] = {"Shipibo"}, -- Shipibo-Conibo
["skr"] = {"Saraiki"}, -- Saraiki, Seraiki; same as first in IANA list, delete?
["src"] = {"Logudorese"}, -- Logudorese Sardinian
["sro"] = {"Campidanese"}, -- Campidanese Sardinian
["tkl"] = {"Tokelau", "Tokelauan"}, -- Tokelau
["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu", "Tuvaluan"}, -- Tuvalu
["tyv"] = {"Tuva", "Tuvan"}, -- Tuvinian
["vls"] = {"West-Vlaanderen", "West Flemish"}, -- Vlaams
["war"] = {"Waray"}, -- Waray (Philippines)
["wep"] = {"Westphalia", "Westphalian"}, -- Westphalien
["xal"] = {"Oirat"}, -- Kalmyk, Oirat
["xal-RU"] = {"Oirat Kalmyk", "Kalmyk Oirat"},
["xcl"] = {"Armenia cổ", "Old Armenian"}, -- Classical Armenian
["yua"] = {"Yucatec Maya"}, -- Yucateco, Yucatec Maya
-- non-standard codes
["bat-smg"] = {"Samogitia", "Samogitian"}, -- bat = Baltic languages (639-2); dialect of Lithuanian has it's own IANA code sgs; bat-smg
["be-x-old "] = {"Belarus (Taraškievica)", "Belarusian (Taraškievica)"}, -- be = Belarusian; x-old = private use tag; be-x-old.wikipedia.org; space char in index may indicate that this code not used
["cbk-zam"] = {"Chavacano"}, -- cbk = Chavacano; zam = Zamboangueño? zam is not an IANA-registered extlang; cbk-zam.wikipedia.org
-- ["cg"] = {"Montenegrin", "sr-ME"}, -- IANA / ISO 639-3 code is cnr
["en-emodeng"] = {"Anh cận đại", "Early Modern English", "tiếng Anh cận đại"}, -- emodeng is not an IANA-registered variant
["fiu-vro"] = {"Võro"}, -- fiu = Finno-Ugrian languages (639-2); vro = Võro (639-3); fiu-vro.wikipedia.org
["gkm"] = {"Hy Lạp trung cô", "Hi Lạp trung cổ", "Medieval Greek", "grc"},
["grc-gre"] = {"Hy Lạp", "Hi Lạp", "Greek", "grc"}, -- grc = Ancient Greek (to 1453); gre not an IANA-registered code; used by Template:lang-grc-gre
["map-bms"] = {"Banyumas", "Banyumasan"}, -- dialect of Javanese; map = Austronesian languages (639-2); bms is an IANA registered code not related to Javanese; map-bms.wikipedia.org
["roa-rup"] = {"Aromania", "Aromanian"}, -- roa = Romance languages (639-2); rup = Macedo-Romanian, Aromanian, Arumanian (639-3); roa-rup.wikipedia.org
["roa-tara"] = {"Tarantino"}, -- roa = Romance languages (639-2); tara is not an IANA registered script; roa-tara.wikipedia.org
["simple"] = {"Anh đơn giản", "Simple English"}, -- simple is not an IANA registered variant; simple.wikipedia.org
["zh-classical"] = {"văn ngôn", "Classical Chinese"}, -- zh = Chinese; classical is not an IANA-registered variant; zh-classical.wikipedia.org
["zh-min-nan"] = {"Mân Nam", "Min Nan", "tiếng Mân Nam"}, -- zh-min-nan = Minnan, Hokkien, Amoy, Taiwanese, Southern Min, Southern Fujian, Hoklo, Southern Fukien, Ho-lo; granfathered in IANA, nan preferred; zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org
["zh-yue"] = {"Quảng Châu", "Cantonese", "tiếng Quảng Châu"} -- zh-yue = Cantonese; redundant in IANA, yue preferred; zh-yue.wikipedia.org
}
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